The Safavid Empire in Persia, which reached its height in the 16th and 17th centuries, was ruled by a series of monarchs known as Shahs. The most notable of these was Shah Abbas I, who reigned from 1588 to 1629. He is credited with centralizing power, fostering economic growth, and promoting cultural achievements, including the flourishing of Persian art and architecture. Under his leadership, the Safavid Empire expanded its territory, established Isfahan as a cultural capital, and solidified the role of Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion, profoundly influencing the identity and religious landscape of modern Iran. His rule was marked by both military success and significant cultural development.