The founding of the Reformation in Europe is primarily credited to Martin Luther. In 1517, Luther published his "95 Theses," criticizing the Catholic Church’s practices, particularly the sale of indulgences. His actions ignited a religious movement that challenged the authority of the Pope and the Church, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. Luther's emphasis on salvation through faith alone and the importance of personal interpretation of the Scriptures transformed Christianity and had profound political, cultural, and social implications across Europe, signaling a shift towards individualism and questioning of traditional authority.