The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ended the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. This conflict devastated much of Central Europe, involving various European powers and significantly impacting the political and religious landscape. The treaty established the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference, marking a turning point in international relations. It also allowed for the coexistence of Protestant and Catholic states, reaffirming religious tolerance in the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of Westphalia laid the groundwork for modern diplomacy and the concept of a nation-state, influencing future treaties and conflicts throughout Europe.