The theories of Isaac Newton sparked profound changes in European thought during the Enlightenment. His work, particularly "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," introduced groundbreaking ideas such as the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Newton’s rigorous approach to scientific inquiry emphasized observation and mathematical precision, challenging traditional philosophical perspectives that relied on deduction and theology. By establishing a foundation for the scientific method, Newton not only transformed natural philosophy but also influenced various fields, including mathematics, physics, and engineering. His work laid the groundwork for future scientific advancements and helped foster an Enlightenment ideal that emphasized reason, empirical evidence, and individual intellectual pursuit over established norms.