The kingdom known for its rich trade in gold during the medieval period was the Mali Empire. Flourishing in West Africa from the 13th to 16th centuries, Mali became renowned for its wealth, largely derived from its abundant gold mines and trade networks. The empire reached its height under rulers like Mansa Musa, who famously showcased Mali's wealth during his pilgrimage to Mecca. This trade not only enriched the empire but also fostered cultural exchange and the spread of Islam and education across the region.