The historical movement that sought to reform abuses in the Catholic Church is known as the Protestant Reformation. Beginning in the early 16th century, figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli criticized the Church's practices, such as indulgences, corruption, and the sale of church positions. Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 ignited widespread debate and dissent, leading to the formation of various Protestant denominations. The Reformation not only challenged the authority of the papacy but also promoted ideas like justification by faith and the importance of scripture, profoundly shaping Western Christianity and European history, leading to religious wars and societal changes.