The historical figure known for leading the charge at the Battle of Fort Wagner is Robert Gould Shaw. As a colonel in the Union Army, Shaw commanded the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the first African American regiments raised in the North during the Civil War. The battle took place on July 18, 1863, and was a crucial moment in demonstrating the bravery and capability of Black soldiers. Although the assault on the fort was ultimately a costly defeat for the Union forces, Shaw's leadership and sacrifice became symbols of courage and the struggle for African American rights and recognition.