The Umayyad Caliphate was the prominent empire in North Africa and the Middle East during medieval times. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, the Umayyads expanded the Islamic state beyond the Arabian Peninsula, establishing their capital in Damascus. During their rule (661–750 CE), the Umayyads spurred significant territorial expansion, extending to Spain in the West and India in the East. They are known for implementing administrative and military structures and facilitating trade and cultural exchange. The Umayyad period also experienced considerable architectural achievements, such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, reflecting Islamic artistic heritage.