The empire characterized by its advanced mathematics and astronomy is the Maya civilization. Flourishing in Mesoamerica from around 2000 BCE to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the Maya developed sophisticated numeric systems, including the concept of zero, and created complex calendars based on astronomical observations. Their astronomical knowledge informed agriculture, ritual practices, and navigation. The Maya's architectural achievements, such as pyramids and cities, reflect their advanced understanding of engineering and mathematics. Their contributions to science and mathematics continue to be recognized and studied, demonstrating their significant impact on human knowledge.