The Ottoman Empire reigned over much of the Middle East and North Africa during the 16th century. Established in the late 13th century, this vast empire expanded significantly under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent, reaching its peak in territorial span and cultural development. The Ottomans controlled key trade routes and cities, including Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), which became a hub of culture and commerce. Their diverse empire included various ethnicities and religions, significantly impacting the region's political dynamics and trade practices. This period saw flourishing arts, architecture, and administration, solidifying the empire’s power for centuries while influencing neighboring regions.