Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, is known for her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. These alliances were both personal and political, aimed at strengthening Egypt's position amidst the power struggles of the Roman Republic. Cleopatra's liaison with Caesar solidified her reign after she bore him a son, Caesarion. Following Caesar's assassination, she aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she had three children. Their partnership drew the ire of Rome, particularly from Octavian, leading to a clash that resulted in their defeat at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and ultimately marked the end of Ptolemaic rule.