The ancient civilization known for its mathematical innovations and discoveries is the Babylonians. Flourishing in Mesopotamia around 1900 BC, they developed a base-60 (sexagesimal) number system, which significantly influenced the way we measure time (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour) and angles (360 degrees in a circle). They were adept in geometry, algebra, and could solve quadratic equations, creating one of the earliest known mathematical texts. Their practical application of mathematics in trade, astronomy, and agriculture laid the foundation for future mathematical advancements and has had a lasting impact on cultures throughout history.