The civilization famous for its advanced knowledge in astronomy and mathematics is the Maya civilization. Flourishing in Mesoamerica from about 2000 BCE to 1500 CE, the Maya made significant strides in these fields, developing a complex calendar system and understanding of celestial events. They created the Long Count calendar, which tracked larger chronological periods, and had sophisticated methods for calculating solar and lunar cycles. Their mathematical achievements included the use of the concept of zero, which was revolutionary for that period. Maya astronomy was closely linked to their agricultural practices and religious beliefs, reflecting their deep connection to the cosmos.