The ancient empire known for its contributions to democracy is ancient Athens. Emerging in the 5th century BCE, particularly during the leadership of Pericles, Athens implemented a democratic system that allowed free male citizens to participate directly in decision-making processes. This system involved assemblies and councils that deliberated on laws and policies, giving citizens a voice in governance. Although limited in access, as women and slaves were excluded, Athenian democracy laid foundational principles for modern democratic thought, such as civic participation and the rule of law.