The ancient culture known for its advanced mathematics and astronomy is the Maya civilization, which thrived in Mesoamerica from around 2000 BC until the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. The Maya developed a sophisticated calendar system, comprising the Tzolk'in (260 days) and the Haab' (365 days), emphasizing their astronomical knowledge. They also utilized a vigesimal (base-20) numeral system, which included the concept of zero, a revolutionary idea in mathematics. Their achievements in architecture, writing, and the arts reflect their profound understanding of mathematics and the cosmos, allowing them to build impressive cities and predict celestial events with remarkable accuracy.