The ancient civilization known for its remarkable architecture and urban planning is the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived from around 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro exemplified advanced urban design, featuring well-planned street grids, sophisticated drainage systems, and standardized fired-brick construction. Their architecture often showcased monumental public buildings and granaries, reflecting a high level of societal organization and governance. The civilization was notable for its emphasis on sanitation and water management, indicating a commitment to public health. Despite its advanced features, the reasons for its decline remain a subject of ongoing research and debate.