The ancient civilization known for its mathematical innovations was the Babylonian civilization. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly around the city of Babylon from around 1900 BC, they made significant advancements in mathematics, particularly in arithmetic and geometry. The Babylonians developed a base-60 numbering system, which contributed to the measurement of time, angles, and circles that we still use today. They created tables for multiplication, division, and square roots, as well as solving quadratic equations. Their contributions laid crucial groundwork for future mathematical development and greatly influenced subsequent civilizations, including the Greeks and the Islamic mathematicians.