The ancient civilization known for its mathematical advancements and, specifically, the Pythagorean theorem is Ancient Greece. The Pythagorean theorem, attributed to the mathematician Pythagoras, states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. This theorem is fundamental in mathematics and geometry and has numerous applications in various fields, including architecture and engineering. Ancient Greek mathematicians, such as Euclid and Archimedes, also made significant contributions to geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigor, laying the foundational principles that still influence modern mathematics today.