The ancient civilization known for its achievements in mathematics and astronomy is the Babylonian civilization. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly in the city of Babylon, they developed advanced mathematical concepts including place value, fractions, and algorithms, which were crucial for astronomical observations and calculations. Babylonians created star catalogues and accurately predicted lunar eclipses. Their sexagesimal system, based on the number 60, is still used today in measuring time and angles. These innovations played a significant role in shaping the fields of mathematics and astronomy, influencing subsequent civilizations and contributing to human understanding of the cosmos.