The ancient civilization credited with building the Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is Ancient Rome. Construction of the iconic structure began under Emperor Vespasian in A.D. 70 and was completed in A.D. 80 under his successor, Titus. The Coliseum was designed for various public spectacles, including gladiator contests, animal hunts, and theatrical performances, accommodating tens of thousands of spectators. It symbolized the architectural and engineering prowess of the Romans and served as a vital social and entertainment hub in ancient Rome, reflecting both the civilization's culture and its hierarchical society.