The ancient civilization credited with significant advancements in mathematics and astronomy is the Babylonians. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly in Babylon, they made remarkable contributions to both fields, including the development of a base-60 number system, which led to the 60-minute hour and 360-degree circle. They constructed detailed astronomical records and made predictions regarding celestial events, such as eclipses and planetary movements. Their work laid the foundation for later developments in mathematics and astronomy, influencing both Greek scholars and modern science. The Babylonians’ achievements reflect their sophisticated understanding of the universe and emphasize the importance of systematic observation and computation.