The academic movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason and individualism is known as the Enlightenment. This intellectual movement centered around reason, science, and skepticism of traditional authority, advocating for rational thought as a means to improve society. Enlightenment thinkers, or philosophes, like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, explored ideas of liberty, democracy, and human rights, influencing political revolutions and social reforms. Their works challenged established norms, promoted education, and encouraged individuals to question their governing bodies and societal structures, ultimately laying the foundation for modern democratic principles and shaping the course of Western civilization.