The primary causes of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 included widespread discontent with the Russian monarchy, exacerbated by grievances from World War I. Economic hardship, food shortages, and military failures fueled public unrest. The February Revolution had already established a provisional government, but its inability to address issues led to further dissatisfaction. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, capitalized on this unrest, advocating for "peace, land, and bread." Their promises resonated with the masses and culminated in the October Revolution, resulting in the establishment of a socialist state, fundamentally altering Russian society and governance.