The primary causes of European colonization in Africa included economic, political, and social factors. The desire for new markets and resources spurred European powers, particularly during the Industrial Revolution, to explore and exploit Africa's rich natural resources. Additionally, nationalism fueled competition among European nations, driving them to acquire territories to strengthen their global influence. Socially, the belief in racial superiority and the civilizing mission motivated many Europeans to justify their expansion into Africa. These factors culminated in the "Scramble for Africa" during the late 19th century, resulting in the rapid colonization of the continent and significant ramifications for its indigenous populations.