The Thirty Years' War, which ravaged Europe from 1618 to 1648, was primarily caused by a combination of religious, political, and territorial disputes. The conflict began as a struggle between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire, particularly in the German territories. The rise of Protestantism, coupled with the Habsburgs' attempts to consolidate power, fueled tensions. Additionally, the war involved various European powers, with France and Sweden seeking to diminish Habsburg influence and protect their interests. Political ambitions and territorial aspirations also played crucial roles, transforming a religious dispute into a wider European conflict that resulted in significant devastation and loss of life.