The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, was driven by several interrelated causes, including technological advancements, the rise of factories, and agricultural improvements. These changes facilitated mass production and urbanization, which significantly transformed societies. The effects included increased productivity and economic growth, but also social challenges such as labor exploitation, poor working conditions, and environmental degradation. Innovations like the steam engine and mechanized looms revolutionized various industries, leading to shifts in labor patterns and the emergence of a capitalist economy. Over time, it laid the groundwork for modern industrialized societies and shaped contemporary global economic structures.