The Spanish Inquisition was significant during the Renaissance as it exemplified the intersection of religion, politics, and cultural identity in Spain. Established in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella, the Inquisition aimed to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, targeting conversos (Jews converted to Christianity) suspected of secretly practicing Judaism. Its impact extended beyond religious persecution; it also reinforced royal authority by asserting the monarchy's power over the Church. The Inquisition contributed to a climate of fear and censorship, stifling intellectual freedom and dissent, which significantly affected Spain's cultural and scientific advancement during that era.