The Reformation significantly transformed religious thought and governance in Europe. Beginning in the early 16th century, figures like Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, promoting ideas of individual interpretation of scripture and salvation through faith alone. This movement led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations and called into question the Church's role in governance, contributing to a decline in Church power and the rise of secular political authority. The Reformation ultimately paved the way for greater religious diversity and reform in society, influencing future movements towards religious freedom and secular governance.