The Reformation in Europe, initiated in the 16th century by figures like Martin Luther, was significant as it challenged the Catholic Church's authority and practices, leading to the rise of Protestantism. It prompted theological debates, inspired the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages, and encouraged individual interpretation of scriptures. The Reformation also had political ramifications, spurring conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War and contributing to the rise of nation-states vs. papal authority. Ultimately, it reshaped religious and cultural landscapes in Europe, influencing modern notions of faith, governance, and personal liberty.