The significance of the Persian Wars (circa 492-449 BCE) for Greek civilization was profound, as they marked a pivotal struggle between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. The wars, particularly the famous battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis, fostered a sense of unity and identity among the often-fractious Greek states. Victory against a formidable empire highlighted the effectiveness of hoplite warfare and democratic principles. The aftermath led to the Delian League's formation and the Golden Age of Athens, celebrating advancements in art, philosophy, and democracy, significantly influencing Western civilization.