The 95 Theses, authored by Martin Luther in 1517, played a crucial role in igniting the Protestant Reformation. These theses challenged the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, which were believed to reduce punishment for sins. Luther's document called for a theological debate and sought to reform church practices rather than create a new denomination. It emphasized justification by faith and the authority of Scripture over church traditions. The widespread distribution of the 95 Theses, aided by the printing press, sparked significant religious and political upheaval across Europe. This movement ultimately led to the establishment of various Protestant churches and profound changes in Christianity.