The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE had profound effects on European history, marking the transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. This decline led to significant political fragmentation, with various Germanic tribes establishing kingdoms across Europe. The collapse contributed to the loss of centralized government, economic instability, and a decline in trade and urban life, often referred to as the "Dark Ages." However, this period also fostered the growth of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the eventual emergence of nation-states, setting the stage for the Renaissance and beyond.