The primary political ideology that emerged in response to the Industrial Revolution was socialism. As industrialization led to significant societal changes, socialists advocated for collective ownership of the means of production to address inequalities and improve labor conditions. Influenced by thinkers like Karl Marx, socialism challenged the capitalist system, arguing that wealth should be distributed more equitably. This ideology gave rise to various socialist movements and parties, significantly shaping political discourse and policy in the 19th and 20th centuries.