The primary outcome of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was the establishment of a new order in Europe, emphasizing state sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of nations. The treaties ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, reshaping the political landscape by recognizing the independence of various states, including the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. It marked the decline of the Habsburg influence and signified a shift towards sovereign nation-states, laying the groundwork for modern international relations. The Westphalian system established diplomatic norms still influential today, shaping the framework for nation-state interactions.