The primary focus of urbanization in the 19th century was the migration of populations from rural areas to cities, driven by the Industrial Revolution and the promise of job opportunities in factories. This shift led to the rapid growth of urban areas, transforming societal landscapes and creating densely populated cities. Urbanization introduced significant challenges, including overcrowding, inadequate housing, and public health crises. It also facilitated cultural exchanges and innovations while altering traditional family structures and social dynamics. As cities expanded, they became centers of economic activity, political power, and social change, profoundly shaping modern life.