The primary cause of the Viking invasions of Europe was a combination of factors, including overpopulation, political instability in Scandinavia, and the lure of wealth. During the late 8th to mid-11th centuries, the Vikings sought new land and resources as their own territories became increasingly crowded. The regions of the British Isles, France, and other parts of Europe were characterized by rich monasteries and towns, making them attractive targets for raiding and settlement. The Vikings' advanced shipbuilding technology enabled them to navigate rivers and seas, facilitating their expansion and incursions into various regions, profoundly impacting European history.