The primary cause of the rise of fascism in Europe in the 20th century was rooted in the economic and political turmoil following World War I. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, leading to widespread discontent and hyperinflation. This instability was exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s, which caused unemployment and societal despair. Fascist leaders, such as Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy, capitalized on nationalist sentiments and promised to restore national pride, order, and economic prosperity. Using propaganda, political repression, and the scapegoating of minorities, they garnered support and dismantled democratic institutions, ultimately leading to totalitarian regimes.