The Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1842, resulted in significant territorial and economic concessions from China to Britain, marking the end of the First Opium War. China ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened five ports to British trade, alongside granting extraterritorial rights to British citizens. This treaty marked the beginning of what the Chinese refer to as the "Century of Humiliation," leading to a series of unequal treaties that further eroded China's sovereignty and contributed to widespread domestic unrest, social upheaval, and ultimately the decline of the Qing Dynasty.