The Protestant Reformation, which began in the 16th century, resulted in profound religious and political changes across Europe. It led to the fragmentation of the Catholic Church's authority and the establishment of various Protestant denominations, such as Lutheranism and Calvinism. Politically, it empowered secular rulers to assert their authority over religious matters, diminishing papal influence. In places like England, the Reformation triggered the creation of the Church of England. The movement promoted literacy and encouraged individual interpretation of the scriptures, influencing the broader cultural and intellectual developments including the Enlightenment. The Reformation ultimately paved the way for modern secular democracy and religious pluralism.