The Industrial Revolution significantly accelerated urbanization, as it encouraged the migration of people from rural areas to cities in search of jobs in factories and industries. This shift led to the rapid growth of urban centers, changing the demographic landscape of nations, particularly in Europe and North America. Cities expanded to accommodate the influx of workers, which often resulted in overcrowded living conditions, inadequate infrastructure, and public health challenges. Nevertheless, urbanization also fostered cultural exchanges and stimulated economic growth, ultimately transforming societal structures and contributing to the rise of a new social class defined by industrial capitalism.