The Middle Ages, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was characterized by a feudal system that structured society into a hierarchy. At the top were monarchs, followed by nobles who owned vast lands and granted protection to vassals in exchange for service. This tier was supported by serfs and peasants, who worked the land. The church also played a crucial role, influencing daily life and governance. Economic activities were predominantly agrarian, and local lordships dominated political power, leading to fragmented authority rather than centralized states.