The major driving force behind the economic changes during the Industrial Revolution was technological innovation, particularly in manufacturing, transportation, and communication. Innovations such as the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom increased production efficiency and enabled mass production of goods. This transformation facilitated urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs, reshaping labor patterns and societal structures. Additionally, improvements in transportation, like the expansion of railways and steamships, enhanced trade and distribution, contributing to the emergence of a market economy. This period of rapid change significantly altered economic dynamics and set the foundation for modern capitalism.