The main theme of the Renaissance period in Europe, which spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, was a renewed interest in the classical arts, sciences, and humanism. This cultural movement emphasized human potential, individual achievement, and secularism, moving away from the strictly religious focus of the Middle Ages. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo explored new techniques and subjects, while thinkers such as Galileo and Copernicus challenged conventional scientific ideas. The Renaissance laid the foundation for modern Western civilization by promoting inquiry, creativity, and the pursuit of knowledge across various disciplines.