The main cultural movement that flourished in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries was the Renaissance. This period marked a revival of interest in the classical arts, literature, and humanism, propelling advancements in visual arts, literature, and science. It laid the foundation for modern Western culture by promoting a spirit of inquiry and individualism. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, along with thinkers like Erasmus and Machiavelli, challenged traditional norms and explored human potential, which had lasting impacts across various disciplines and societal structures.