Colonialism fundamentally disrupted indigenous populations, leading to significant declines in population and cultural autonomy. Many indigenous groups faced displacement, violence, and disease as European powers invaded their lands, resulting in the loss of traditional ways of life. The impacts were long-lasting, contributing to the marginalization of these communities. Furthermore, colonialism imposed foreign governance and economic systems detrimental to indigenous peoples. Overall, colonialism reshaped social structures, economies, and cultures, resulting in deep, ongoing repercussions that continue to affect indigenous populations today.