The main aim of the Crusades during the Middle Ages was to capture the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, from Muslim control. Initiated in 1096, these military expeditions were sanctioned by the Pope and sought to reclaim sites of religious significance for Christianity. Participants believed they would achieve spiritual merit through their efforts. The Crusades saw a series of conflicts and interactions between Christians and Muslims, significantly impacting trade, cultural exchange, and political structures in both Europe and the Middle East, although ultimately, the long-term goals were not fully realized.