The key outcome of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s was the modernization of the Catholic Church's practices and approach to the contemporary world. Convened by Pope John XXIII, the council addressed various issues, including liturgical reforms that encouraged the use of vernacular languages in Mass instead of Latin. It also promoted greater engagement with other Christian denominations and religions, fostering ecumenism and interfaith dialogue. The council’s documents, particularly Gaudium et Spes, highlighted the Church's commitment to social justice and human rights, transforming the Church’s relationship with modern society and reshaping Catholic identity.