The key invention during the Industrial Revolution that transformed textile manufacturing was the spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This multi-spindle spinning frame revolutionized the process of producing yarn by enabling one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously. Its introduction increased textile production efficiency and significantly reduced labor costs. The spinning jenny played a crucial role in the mechanization of the textile industry, paving the way for later innovations such as the power loom. This invention contributed to the growth of factory-based production systems, ultimately fueling the Industrial Revolution and reshaping economies in Europe and beyond.