The impact of the Reformation on European society was profound, leading to significant religious, political, and cultural changes. Initiated in the early 16th century by figures like Martin Luther, the Reformation challenged the Catholic Church's authority and practices, resulting in the establishment of Protestant denominations. This religious fragmentation led to increased literacy and the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages, facilitating individual interpretation of scripture. Politically, the Reformation spurred conflicts and wars, such as the Thirty Years' War, while altering power dynamics between church and state. The Reformation's emphasis on personal faith and ethics deeply influenced modern Western thought and societal structures.