The Protestant Reformation had a profound impact on Europe, leading to significant religious, political, and social changes. Initiated by figures like Martin Luther in the early 16th century, it challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and emphasized individual interpretation of the Scriptures. This resulted in the establishment of various Protestant denominations, weakened the Catholic Church's political power, and set the stage for religious wars. The Reformation also spurred the rise of secularism, promoted literacy and education due to increased emphasis on the Bible, and paved the way for the Enlightenment, influencing various aspects of European society.